Ampicillin Sodium

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Ampicillin sodium is a member of the extended spectrum β-lactam family and similar in structure to penicillin. Resistance Ampicillin resistance is due to cells containing plasmid encoded ESBLs.

TOKU-E offers five forms of ampicillin: ampicillin/sulbactam (2:1) (A071), ampicillin anhydrous (A043), ampicillin sodium (A042), ampicillin, USP (A009), and ampicillin trihydrate, EP (A020). In aqueous solution, ampicillin sodium is freely soluble (50 mg/mL). Ampicillin trihydrate is slightly soluble in water (10 mg/mL) and freely soluble in 1 N HCl (50 mg/mL). Ampicillin anhydrous is sparingly soluble in water and freely soluble in 1 N NH4OH (50 mg/mL). Ampicillin sodium is commonly used to select for successfully transformed bacteria. Ampicillin anhydrous (powder) is the most stable and pure form of ampicillin TOKU-E offers.
Mechanism of Action

Like all β-lactams, ampicillin interferes with PBP (penicillin binding protein) activity otherwise involved in the final phase of peptidoglycan synthesis. PBP’s are enzymes which catalyze a pentaglycine crosslink between alanine and lysine residues. Without a pentaglycine crosslink, the integrity of the cell wall is severely compromised ultimately leading to cell lysis.
Spectrum

Ampicillin sodium targets non ESBL (Extended Spectrum β-lactamase) bacteria including Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species and medically important enteric pathogens such as Shigella and Salmonella. Interestingly, ampicillin has been found to be effective against certain β-lactam sensitive VRE or vancomycin resistant Enterococcus; a glycopeptide antibiotic resistant "superbug." Resistance to ampicillin is routinely utilized as a selection antibiotic to confirm successful cell transformation.

Microbiology Applications
Ampicillin sodium is commonly used in clinical in vitro microbiological antimicrobial susceptibility tests (panels, discs, and MIC strips) against gram positive and gram negative microbial isolates. Medical microbiologists use AST results to recommend antibiotic treatment options for infected patients. Representative MIC values include:
Haemophilus influenzae 0.06 µg/mL-128 µg/mL
Neisseria gonorrohoeae 4 µg/mL – 128 µg/mL
For a complete list of ampicillin MIC values, click here.
Media Supplements

Ampicillin can be used as a selective agent in several types of isolation media:

Aeromonas Medium Base - Ampicililn Selective Supplement

Eukaryotic Cell Culture Applications
Ampicillin is routinely used to select for cells containing the pcDNA3.1 and pEAK10 resistance plasmids in cell line A904L at an effective concentration of 50 µg/mL. For additional information on your cell culture needs, please visit our cell-culture database.

References
Guzmán, Flavio, MD. "Beta Lactams Antibiotics (penicillins and Cephalosporins) Mechanism of Action.” Medical Pharmacology. Pharmacology Corner, 29 Nov. 2008. Web. 21 Aug. 2012.

Pitout JD, Sanders CC, Sanders WE Jr. Antimicrobial resistance with focus on beta-lactam resistance in gram-negative bacilli. Am J Med 1997; 103:51.